Vacunas anticonceptivas y para inmunocastración. Su aplicación en la Medicina Veterinaria.
Contraception and immunocastration vaccines. Use in veterinary medicine
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A nivel mundial, el desarrollo y la aplicación de vacunas para controlar la fertilidad en los animales, está creciendo indeteniblemente. En los últimos años se han corroborado sus beneficios productivos para el manejo y el bienestar de los animales, lo que ha contribuido a mejorar la percepción pública sobre sus impactos. Este artículo revisa los avances obtenidos en este campo, en particular, las vacunas de inmunocastración, tras la evaluación de los resultados de su aplicación en los últimos años. Las principales dianas antigénicas de estas vacunas son las proteínas de la zona pelúcida, las proteínas estructurales de los espermatozoides y las hormonas sexuales. En la actualidad están disponibles en el mercado varias vacunas basadas en GnRH, con eficacia y eficiencia comprobadas para la inmunocastración de los machos y el control de la fertilidad en las hembras. Sin embargo, los investigadores deberán resolver cuestiones como la reducción del número de inmunizaciones, el logro de una mayor inmunogenicidad y el desarrollo de nuevas formulaciones para facilitar la aplicación y liberación de estas vacunas en los diversos hábitats donde transcurre la vida animal y en las diferentes condiciones de la crianza ganadera. El control de la fertilidad basado en métodos que garantizan la eficiencia productiva y el bienestar animal es una necesidad incesante de la práctica moderna de la medicina veterinaria.
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